On February 3 2023, a Norfolk Southern freight train derailed in East Palestine, Ohio, sending 38 cars off the tracks. Eleven cars carried hazardous materials including vinyl chloride. On February 6, Norfolk Southern and local officials conducted a controlled burn of vinyl chloride to prevent a potential boiling-liquid expanding-vapor explosion; the burn released hydrogen chloride and phosgene into the air. Conspiracy framings have alleged deliberate media suppression, water test manipulation, and a coordinated cover-up of health impacts. NTSB, EPA, and Ohio EPA investigations found documented response failures. The "deliberate cover-up" framing goes beyond documented negligence and response errors.