Browse Conspiracy Theories

On 27 June 2017 a destructive malware campaign — publicly branded NotPetya — erupted from Ukraine and spread globally within hours, masquerading as ransomware while in reality being a pure wiper designed to maximise damage. US CISA, UK NCSC, and Five Eyes partners attributed the attack to Russian GRU Unit 74455 (Sandworm) in February 2018; the US DOJ indicted six GRU officers in October 2020. The supply-chain entry point was a trojanised update to M.E.Doc, a Ukrainian accounting software package used by roughly 80 percent of Ukrainian businesses. Global losses exceeded $10 billion, making it the costliest cyberattack in recorded history.

The Equifax breach exposed the personally identifiable information of 147.9 million Americans — Social Security numbers, dates of birth, addresses, and driver's licence numbers — via an unpatched Apache Struts vulnerability (CVE-2017-5638). The patch was available on 8 March 2017; the breach began on 13 May 2017 and was discovered internally on 29 July 2017. Equifax did not disclose publicly until 7 September 2017. In the interim, the company's CFO and three other executives sold approximately $1.8 million in stock. Two officers — Jun Ying and Sudhakar Bonthu — were later charged with insider trading. CEO Richard Smith resigned on 26 September 2017. The $700 million FTC and state AG settlement in July 2019 remains one of the largest data-breach settlements in US history.

The Marriott Starwood breach exposed approximately 339 million guest records — including passport numbers, encrypted payment card details, and travel history — from a database that had been compromised since 2014. Marriott acquired Starwood Hotels in September 2016 without discovering the intrusion, which continued for more than two years post-acquisition. The breach was disclosed on 30 November 2018. US and UK intelligence attributed the attack to APT10, a hacking group linked to China's Ministry of State Security, based on tools and techniques. The UK's ICO issued an initial GDPR fine of £99.2 million in July 2019, subsequently reduced to £18.4 million in October 2020. Seven million UK records were affected.

Between 27 November and 18 December 2013, attackers stole 40 million payment-card numbers and 70 million records of personal information from Target's point-of-sale systems. Entry was gained via stolen credentials belonging to Fazio Mechanical Services, an HVAC vendor with network access. BlackPOS RAM-scraping malware was installed on Target's POS terminals. Journalist Brian Krebs first disclosed the breach publicly on 18 December 2013, the same day Target confirmed it. CEO Gregg Steinhafel resigned on 5 May 2014; CIO Beth Jacob resigned in March 2014. Target reached an $18.5 million settlement with state AGs in May 2017. Total costs exceeded $300 million.

On 21 June 2013, The Guardian published reporting by Ewen MacAskill, Julian Borger, and Nick Hopkins revealing TEMPORA — a GCHQ program operating from the Bude facility in Cornwall that tapped more than 200 transatlantic fiber-optic cables and buffered up to 21 petabytes of data per day on a rolling 3-day storage window. Related programs included INCENSER, MUSCULAR (shared with NSA), and CARBOY. The Investigatory Powers Act 2016 codified UK bulk collection powers. The European Court of Human Rights ruled in Big Brother Watch v UK (2018, 2021) that some UK interception practices violated ECHR Article 8. Confirmed.

On 6 June 2013, the Washington Post (Barton Gellman) and The Guardian (Glenn Greenwald) simultaneously published NSA PowerPoint slides leaked by contractor Edward Snowden revealing PRISM — a Section 702 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act program that compelled direct upstream data collection from Google, Facebook, Yahoo, Microsoft, Apple, AOL, Skype, YouTube, and PalTalk. NSA Director Keith Alexander testified to Congress. The Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board (PCLOB) issued a detailed 2014 report confirming the program's scope. Companies denied 'direct access' but acknowledged compliance with court orders. The program is confirmed.

AT&T technician Mark Klein revealed in 2006 that a secret room on the 7th floor of AT&T's 611 Folsom Street facility in San Francisco had been equipped with a Narus STA 6400 deep-packet inspection system fed by a fiber-optic splitter. Klein's sworn declarations in EFF v. AT&T (Hepting) showed AT&T had allowed the NSA to tap internet backbone traffic without warrants. The New York Times had disclosed the broader warrantless wiretap program in December 2005. The FISA Amendments Act of 2008 granted retroactive immunity to telecoms. The room and the surveillance program are confirmed.

UBS AG, Switzerland's largest bank, admitted in a February 2009 deferred prosecution agreement that it had helped approximately 20,000 US clients evade taxes through secret offshore Swiss accounts. UBS paid $780 million and turned over 4,450 account names. Whistleblower Bradley Birkenfeld received a $104 million IRS award in 2012. The scandal triggered the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) in 2010, the US-Switzerland tax treaty in 2009, and a broader 2013 Swiss bank amnesty programme. Wegelin Bank — Switzerland's oldest — was indicted and closed in 2013.

Traders at major global banks — including Citigroup, JPMorgan Chase, Barclays, Royal Bank of Scotland, UBS, Bank of America, and HSBC — coordinated manipulation of the WM/Reuters 4pm London foreign exchange benchmark fix through private Bloomberg chat rooms with names including "The Cartel," "The Bandits Club," and "The Mafia." The conspiracy was revealed by Bloomberg News and investigated by the UK Financial Conduct Authority from June 2013. By May 2015, regulators in the United States, United Kingdom, Switzerland, and elsewhere had imposed $5.6 billion in combined fines. Five banks pleaded guilty to US antitrust violations. The conspiracy ran from approximately 2007 to 2013 and affected the pricing of currencies traded by pension funds, corporations, and sovereign wealth funds worldwide.

WorldCom Inc., the second-largest long-distance telecom company in the United States, was revealed in June 2002 to have executed an $11 billion accounting fraud — the largest in US history at the time. Internal auditor Cynthia Cooper and her team discovered that CFO Scott Sullivan and Controller David Myers had misclassified at least $3.8 billion in operating expenses as capital expenditures, artificially inflating reported EBITDA and earnings. CEO Bernie Ebbers was convicted of fraud, conspiracy, and filing false documents (25-year sentence, July 2005). WorldCom filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on 21 July 2002, listing $107 billion in assets — surpassing Enron as the largest US bankruptcy filing to that date.

Enron Corporation, once the seventh-largest company in the United States, collapsed into bankruptcy on 2 December 2001 after executives used Special Purpose Entities — named Raptor, JEDI, Chewco, LJM1, and LJM2 — to hide more than $30 billion in debt off the balance sheet. CEO Jeffrey Skilling and Chairman Kenneth Lay promoted a fraudulent mark-to-market accounting regime that allowed Enron to book speculative future profits as current income. Stock peaked at $90.75 in August 2000; within 16 months the company was worthless. More than 4,000 employees lost jobs and pensions. The fraud was confirmed by congressional investigations, SEC findings, and criminal convictions.

The Bank of Credit and Commerce International — nicknamed "Bank of Crooks and Criminals International" — was founded in 1972 in Karachi by Agha Hasan Abedi with Pakistani backing and operated across 70+ countries. Regulators closed it on 5 July 1991 in a coordinated global shutdown after uncovering massive loan fraud, money laundering for Manuel Noriega, Saddam Hussein, Yasser Arafat, Marcos, and Abu Nidal, and covert use by the CIA and Saudi GID. The Kerry Senate report of December 1992 documented the full scope. Clark Clifford and Robert Altman were prosecuted; Altman acquitted, Clifford too ill to stand trial. Depositors recovered $7.5B in liquidation.

Bill Hwang's Archegos Capital Management, a family office, accumulated approximately $36B in highly leveraged positions via total-return swaps with Credit Suisse, Nomura, Morgan Stanley, UBS, Goldman Sachs, and Wells Fargo — concentrating in ViacomCBS, Discovery, Tencent Music, Baidu, and GSX Techedu. When positions moved against Archegos in late March 2021, margin calls triggered a fire sale that caused $10B+ losses for prime brokers ($5.5B at Credit Suisse alone). Hwang and CFO Patrick Halligan were indicted by the SDNY in April 2022. Hwang was convicted on all 10 counts in July 2024 and sentenced to 18 years in November 2024.

James 'Whitey' Bulger, leader of the Winter Hill Gang in South Boston, was recruited as an FBI Top Echelon Informant by Special Agent John Connolly in September 1975. Over the following two decades Bulger and associate Stephen Flemmi used their FBI-protected status to commit 19 or more murders — including killings of potential witnesses and rival informants — while Connolly tipped Bulger off to investigations and rival informants. Connolly was convicted in 2002 (racketeering) and 2008 (second-degree murder, Florida). Bulger fled in December 1994 after a tip-off, was captured in Santa Monica in June 2011, convicted in August 2013, and was killed in a West Virginia federal prison in October 2018.

On 26 February 1993 a 1,500lb urea-nitrate truck bomb detonated in the B-2 parking level beneath the North Tower of the World Trade Center, killing 6 people and injuring more than 1,000. Ramzi Yousef masterminded the attack; Mohammed Salameh, Mahmud Abouhalima, Nidal Ayyad, and Ahmad Ajaj were convicted with him at the Southern District of New York in 1994. Prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald linked the cell to Omar Abdel-Rahman (the 'Blind Sheikh'), convicted in 1995 for the subsequent landmarks plot. The basic facts are thoroughly confirmed; alternate theories alleging advance government foreknowledge have been examined and discounted.

On 28 April 2004 CBS News's 60 Minutes II broadcast photographs showing US Army personnel at Abu Ghraib Prison in Iraq abusing Iraqi detainees — hooding, forced nudity, human pyramids, leashing. Army Specialist Joseph Darby had provided the photos to the Army Criminal Investigation Division in January 2004. Eleven enlisted soldiers were charged and courts-martialled; Charles Graner received 10 years, Lynndie England 3 years, Ivan Frederick 8 years. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld offered his resignation, which President Bush refused. The Taguba Report (May 2004), the Schlesinger Panel, and the Fay-Jones Report documented systemic abuse and traced an interrogation-technique authorisation chain to OSD policy on SERE-derived 'enhanced' techniques. Senior leadership accountability was minimal.

Between 18 March 1969 and 15 August 1973 the United States Air Force conducted a secret bombing campaign across Cambodia, initially under the codename Operation Menu (six sub-operations: Breakfast, Lunch, Snack, Dinner, Dessert, Supper) and later Operation Freedom Deal. Nixon and Kissinger routed paperwork through dual reporting channels to conceal the campaign from Congress. A 2006 reanalysis by Owen Taylor and Ben Kiernan estimated total ordnance dropped on Cambodia at 2.7 million tonnes. Historians broadly link the destruction to conditions that enabled the Khmer Rouge rise. The campaign was real, congressional deception was documented, and the verdict is confirmed.

Anna Politkovskaya, a Novaya Gazeta journalist renowned for her coverage of the Second Chechen War, was shot dead in the elevator of her Moscow apartment building on 7 October 2006 — Vladimir Putin's birthday. Five individuals were convicted in 2014: Lom-Ali Gaitukayev (20 years), Rustam Makhmudov (life), Dzhabrail Makhmudov (12 years), Ibragim Makhmudov (14 years), and Sergey Khadzhikurbanov (20 years). Moscow police lieutenant colonel Dmitry Pavlyuchenkov was convicted separately in 2012. The killing itself is confirmed; the identity of the person who ordered it remains officially unresolved, with testimony from convicted men implicating an FSB colonel whose broader chain of command has never been established.

On 3 July 1988 USS Vincennes (CG-49) shot down Iran Air Flight 655 — an Airbus A300 — over the Strait of Hormuz, killing all 290 people on board including 66 children. The US Navy's Aegis combat system misidentified the aircraft as an Iranian F-14. The US government never formally apologised; a 1996 ICJ settlement paid $61.8 million in compensation without admission of liability. The cover-up framing centres on the Vincennes having entered Iranian territorial waters (initially denied), Captain Will Rogers III later receiving the Legion of Merit, and a 1992 Newsweek report claiming the crew celebrated the shootdown.

Between 7 April and 15 July 1994, an estimated 800,000 Rwandan Tutsi and moderate Hutu were killed in approximately 100 days — one of the fastest mass killings in recorded history. UNAMIR force commander General Roméo Dallaire sent a 'genocide fax' to UN headquarters on 11 January 1994 warning of weapons caches and planned mass killings; the cable was suppressed by the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations under Kofi Annan and Boutros Boutros-Ghali, who ordered Dallaire not to act. France's Opération Turquoise (22 June–21 August 1994) has been accused of protecting Hutu Power perpetrators rather than civilians. The Mucyo Commission (Rwanda, 2008) accused French officials of direct complicity. The Duclert Commission (France, 2021) found France bore 'overwhelming responsibility' but stopped short of a formal complicity finding.

On 11 September 1973, a military junta led by General Augusto Pinochet overthrew the democratically elected government of Salvador Allende in Chile. Allende died in La Moneda palace during the coup. Declassified NSA and CIA documents released between 1999 and 2000 confirm that the Nixon administration, directed by National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger and the 40 Committee, ran two parallel covert-action tracks — Track I and Track II — to prevent Allende from taking power and subsequently to destabilise his government. ITT Corporation collaborated with the CIA. The order to "make the economy scream" is documented on tape. Approximately 3,200 people were killed or forcibly disappeared under Pinochet between 1973 and 1990.

On 7 December 1975, Indonesia invaded East Timor — one day after President Ford and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger met with Suharto in Jakarta and, according to a declassified US Embassy telegram, explicitly did not object to Indonesian military action. Operation Komodo was Indonesia's covert destabilisation campaign preceding the invasion. Between 1975 and 1999, an estimated 100,000 to 180,000 Timorese died from violence, famine, and disease directly attributable to the occupation (CAVR 'Chega!' report, 2005). The 1991 Santa Cruz Massacre, filmed by journalist Max Stahl, brought international attention. Indonesia withdrew following a UN-supervised independence referendum in 1999. Australian governments' knowledge and complicity during the Whitlam era is separately documented.

In June 1954 a CIA-organised and Eisenhower-approved paramilitary force under Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas invaded Guatemala and overthrew President Jacobo Árbenz, whose land reform Decree 900 had expropriated idle United Fruit Company holdings for redistribution to landless peasants. The CIA's role was acknowledged and extensively documented in a 1997 declassification release. The coup ended Guatemala's democratic decade and initiated a military dictatorship; the subsequent civil war (1960–1996) killed approximately 200,000 people.